Q.Bring out the constructive programmes of Mahatma Gandhi during Non-Cooperation Movement and Civil Disobedience Movement.

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1. Key Elements of the Constructive Programme

• Communal Unity: Gandhi advocated for an "unbreakable unity of hearts" between Hindus, Muslims, and other communities, viewing it as essential for national liberation.
• Removal of Untouchability: Terming untouchability a "blot on humanity," he worked tirelessly for the social integration of Dalits, whom he called Harijans, and founded the Harijan Sevak Sangh in 1932.
• Promotion of Khadi: Khadi was projected as a symbol of nationalism, economic self-reliance, and a tool to revive the rural economy, challenging British textile hegemony.
• Basic Education (Nai Talim): Gandhi proposed a holistic education system centered on manual crafts, aiming to make children self-reliant and morally upright.
• Upliftment of Women: He actively brought women into the political sphere, encouraging their participation in picketing, spinning, and leadership roles.

2. Role in Non-Cooperation and Civil Disobedience Movements

• Sustaining Morale: During the lull after the suspension of the Non-Cooperation Movement, constructive work kept the cadre active and prevented disillusionment.
• Expanding the Social Base: By addressing social evils like untouchability and rural poverty, Gandhi successfully drew peasants, workers, and women into the mainstream nationalist struggle.
• Creating Ground Workers: The network of ashrams and Khadi centers provided a ready pool of disciplined volunteers and organizational infrastructure for the Civil Disobedience Movement.