Q.Explain the constitutional perspectives of Gender Justice with the help of relevant Constitutional Provisions and case laws.

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graph TD
CPGJ["Constitutional Perspectives of Gender Justice"] --> A15["Article 15: Prohibits Discrimination / Special Provisions for Women and Children"]
CPGJ --> A39["Article 39: Equal Right to Livelihood / Equal Pay for Equal Work"]
CPGJ --> A42["Article 42: Maternity Relief / Favorable Working Conditions"]
CPGJ --> A16["Article 16: Non-Discrimination in Jobs"]
CPGJ --> A14["Article 14: Equal Protection of Laws"]

1. Social Perspective

• Right to Equality (Articles 14 & 15): These articles guarantee equality before the law and prohibit gender-based discrimination.

• Case Law: In Air India v. Nergesh Meerza (1981), the Supreme Court struck down discriminatory service regulations regarding pregnancy and retirement for female flight attendants.

• Right to Dignity and Autonomy (Article 21): Encompasses the right of women to make independent life choices.

• Case Law: In Lata Singh v. State of UP (2006), the Court strongly defended a woman's right to marry a person of her own choice, reinforcing personal liberty.

2. Political Perspective

• Affirmative Action (Article 15(3)): Enables the state to make special provisions for women to correct historical imbalances.

• Case Law: In Anuj Garg v. Hotel Association of India (2008), the Court invalidated laws restricting women's employment in places serving liquor, terming it paternalistic.

• Political Representation: The 73rd and 74th Amendments mandated a minimum of 33% reservation for women in local self-governments, ensuring their active participation in grassroots decision-making.

3. Economic Perspective

• Equal Pay for Equal Work (Article 39(d)): Directs the state to ensure equal remuneration for equal work.

• Case Law: In Mackinnon Mackenzie & Co. Ltd. v. Audrey D'Costa (1987), the Court upheld the principle of equal pay, advancing economic justice.

• Safe Work Environment (Article 16 & 42): Guarantees equality of opportunity in public employment and mandates humane working conditions.

• Case Law: In Vishaka v. State of Rajasthan (1997), the Supreme Court formulated historic guidelines to prevent sexual harassment at workplaces, later codified into law.

4. Cultural and Religious Perspective

• Challenging Discriminatory Practices: Reconciling religious freedom with gender equality.

• Case Law: In Indian Young Lawyers Association v. State of Kerala (2018), the Supreme Court permitted the entry of women of all ages into the Sabarimala temple, ruling that exclusionary religious practices violate women's right to worship.

5. Legal Perspective

• Protection of Marital Rights:

• Case Law: In Shayara Bano v. Union of India (2017), the Supreme Court declared the practice of instant triple talaq (talaq-e-biddat) unconstitutional, protecting women's legal rights within marriage.

• Right to Privacy:

• Case Law: In Justice K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India (2017), the Court affirmed that reproductive choices and bodily autonomy are protected under the right to privacy under Article 21.

6. Educational Perspective

• Right to Education (Article 21A): Mandates free and compulsory education.

• Case Law: In Unni Krishnan v. State of Andhra Pradesh (1993), the court laid the foundation for equal educational access, which has significantly improved female literacy rates.

• Gender-Sensitive Policy: The National Education Policy (2020) emphasizes gender-inclusive schooling and curriculum reform to eliminate gender stereotypes.

7. Environmental Perspective

• Right to a Healthy Environment (Article 21): Women, particularly in rural areas, are primary resource managers and are disproportionately affected by environmental degradation.

• Case Law: In MC Mehta v. Union of India (2020), the Court emphasized that a clean environment is essential for a dignified life, highlighting the need for women's participation in environmental decision-making.