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Q.Describe various measures taken in India for Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) before and after signing ‘Sendai Framework for DRR (2015-30)’. How is this framework different from ‘Hyogo Framework for Action, 2005’?

UPSC Mains 2018•Disaster Management

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Introduction

The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (2015-2030) is a landmark global agreement adopted by UN member states, including India. It aims to prevent new disaster risks, reduce existing risks, and strengthen resilience against both natural and human-induced hazards.

graph TD
    DRR["Disaster Risk Reduction in India"] --> DI["Development Integration"]
    DRR --> IF["Institutional Frameworks"]
    DRR --> EWS["Early Warning Systems"]
    DRR --> RI["Resilient Infrastructure"]
    DRR --> CM["Community Management"]
    DRR --> EA["Education and Awareness"]
    DRR --> TG["Technology and GIS"]

Body Analysis

Measures Taken in India for DRR

Before the Sendai Framework (Pre-2015)

  • Institutional Framework (NDMA): The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) was established under the Disaster Management Act, 2005, to formulate policies, plans, and guidelines.
  • National Policy on Disaster Management (NPDM) 2009: Provided a unified framework focusing on prevention, mitigation, preparedness, and response.
  • Creation of NDRF (2006): A specialized, multi-disciplinary force dedicated to disaster response and rescue operations.
  • Early Warning Systems: Development of cyclone and flood forecasting systems, significantly improving evacuation capabilities in coastal and riverine regions.
  • Capacity Building: Establishment of the National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM) for professional training and research.
  • Community-Based Disaster Management (CBDM): Implementation of local-level programs to involve village committees in disaster preparedness.

After the Sendai Framework (Post-2015)

  • Policy Alignment: Revision of national and state guidelines to align with the priorities of the Sendai Framework.
  • National Disaster Management Plan (NDMP) 2016: India’s first comprehensive national plan aligned with the Sendai targets, focusing on disaster risk governance and resilience.
  • Disaster-Resilient Infrastructure: Launch of the Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI) in 2019 to promote resilient global infrastructure.
  • Mainstreaming DRR into Development: Integrating risk reduction into major welfare schemes like Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY) and MGNREGA.
  • Modernization of Early Warning Systems: Expansion of real-time warning systems, including tsunami alerts by INCOIS and advanced landslide warnings.
  • Disaster Risk Insurance: Introduction of schemes like Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY) to provide financial safety nets.
  • Urban Risk Initiatives: Incorporating DRR into urban planning through schemes like the Smart Cities Mission.

Key Differences: Hyogo Framework vs. Sendai Framework

FeatureHyogo Framework (2005-2015)Sendai Framework (2015-2030)
Primary FocusFocused heavily on disaster management (preparedness, response, and recovery).Shifts focus to disaster risk reduction (preventing new risks and reducing vulnerability).
TargetsLacked specific, quantitative global targets.Includes seven specific, measurable global targets to track progress.
ScopeAddressed primarily natural hazards.Broader scope covering both natural and human-induced hazards (biological, technological).
InclusivityEncouraged community participation but lacked explicit focus on marginalized groups.Emphasizes inclusive disaster risk governance, highlighting women, children, the elderly, and disabled.
GovernanceCalled for institutional strengthening without clear accountability mechanisms.Places strong emphasis on disaster risk governance and clear accountability at all levels.
DevelopmentEncouraged integration of DRR into development but lacked detailed pathways.Mandates the explicit integration of DRR into land-use, urban planning, and infrastructure.

Conclusion

India's transition from the pre-Sendai to the post-Sendai era reflects a major paradigm shift from reactive disaster response to proactive risk reduction. Aligning national strategies with global frameworks has significantly enhanced India's disaster resilience and sustainable development trajectory.

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