Q.Describe various measures taken in India for Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) before and after signing ‘Sendai Framework for DRR (2015-30)’. How is this framework different from ‘Hyogo Framework for Action, 2005’?
How to approach: Identify every sub-question in the prompt, allocate dedicated sub-headings to each part, substantiate points with examples/data, and conclude with a forward-looking Way Forward.
Practice & AI Tools for This Question
Wrote an answer to this PYQ? Check it with Vision AI in 3 mins or generate custom mind maps.
Matched Topper Handwritten Answer Copies (8)
Open in 3D PYQ RealmIntroduction
The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (2015-2030) is a landmark global agreement adopted by UN member states, including India. It aims to prevent new disaster risks, reduce existing risks, and strengthen resilience against both natural and human-induced hazards.
graph TD
DRR["Disaster Risk Reduction in India"] --> DI["Development Integration"]
DRR --> IF["Institutional Frameworks"]
DRR --> EWS["Early Warning Systems"]
DRR --> RI["Resilient Infrastructure"]
DRR --> CM["Community Management"]
DRR --> EA["Education and Awareness"]
DRR --> TG["Technology and GIS"]Body Analysis
Measures Taken in India for DRR
Before the Sendai Framework (Pre-2015)
- Institutional Framework (NDMA): The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) was established under the Disaster Management Act, 2005, to formulate policies, plans, and guidelines.
- National Policy on Disaster Management (NPDM) 2009: Provided a unified framework focusing on prevention, mitigation, preparedness, and response.
- Creation of NDRF (2006): A specialized, multi-disciplinary force dedicated to disaster response and rescue operations.
- Early Warning Systems: Development of cyclone and flood forecasting systems, significantly improving evacuation capabilities in coastal and riverine regions.
- Capacity Building: Establishment of the National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM) for professional training and research.
- Community-Based Disaster Management (CBDM): Implementation of local-level programs to involve village committees in disaster preparedness.
After the Sendai Framework (Post-2015)
- Policy Alignment: Revision of national and state guidelines to align with the priorities of the Sendai Framework.
- National Disaster Management Plan (NDMP) 2016: India’s first comprehensive national plan aligned with the Sendai targets, focusing on disaster risk governance and resilience.
- Disaster-Resilient Infrastructure: Launch of the Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI) in 2019 to promote resilient global infrastructure.
- Mainstreaming DRR into Development: Integrating risk reduction into major welfare schemes like Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY) and MGNREGA.
- Modernization of Early Warning Systems: Expansion of real-time warning systems, including tsunami alerts by INCOIS and advanced landslide warnings.
- Disaster Risk Insurance: Introduction of schemes like Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY) to provide financial safety nets.
- Urban Risk Initiatives: Incorporating DRR into urban planning through schemes like the Smart Cities Mission.
Key Differences: Hyogo Framework vs. Sendai Framework
| Feature | Hyogo Framework (2005-2015) | Sendai Framework (2015-2030) |
|---|---|---|
| Primary Focus | Focused heavily on disaster management (preparedness, response, and recovery). | Shifts focus to disaster risk reduction (preventing new risks and reducing vulnerability). |
| Targets | Lacked specific, quantitative global targets. | Includes seven specific, measurable global targets to track progress. |
| Scope | Addressed primarily natural hazards. | Broader scope covering both natural and human-induced hazards (biological, technological). |
| Inclusivity | Encouraged community participation but lacked explicit focus on marginalized groups. | Emphasizes inclusive disaster risk governance, highlighting women, children, the elderly, and disabled. |
| Governance | Called for institutional strengthening without clear accountability mechanisms. | Places strong emphasis on disaster risk governance and clear accountability at all levels. |
| Development | Encouraged integration of DRR into development but lacked detailed pathways. | Mandates the explicit integration of DRR into land-use, urban planning, and infrastructure. |
Conclusion
India's transition from the pre-Sendai to the post-Sendai era reflects a major paradigm shift from reactive disaster response to proactive risk reduction. Aligning national strategies with global frameworks has significantly enhanced India's disaster resilience and sustainable development trajectory.
Question Specifications, Marking Rubric & Syllabus Mapping
| Examination & Year | UPSC Civil Services Mains Examination 2018 (Question 1) |
|---|---|
| Paper & Syllabus Topic | General Studies Paper III — Economy, Environment, S&T & Security → Disaster Management & Resilience |
| Marks, Word Limit & Ideal Time | 15 Marks • 250 Words • Ideal Writing Time: 11–12 Minutes |
| Directive Word & Core Demand | Analytical / Multi-Dimensional: Address all explicit sub-parts of the question with balanced arguments, factual illustrations, and a solution-oriented conclusion. |
| Recommended Structure Split | Intro: ~30–35 Words • Body: ~175 Words (4–5 sub-headings + diagram/data) • Way Forward: ~35–40 Words |
| AI Practice & Evaluation Tools | Upload Handwritten Answer for 3-Min Vision AI Evaluation | Generate Custom Answer & Mind Map |
Related & Repeated UPSC Mains PYQs (6)
Past UPSC Mains questions connected to this node in the 3D PYQ Realm knowledge graph.
How important are vulnerability and risk assessment for pre-disaster management. As an administrator, what are key areas that you would focus in a disaster management
Drought has been recognized as a disaster in view of its spatial expanse, temporal duration, slow onset and lasting effects on vulnerable sections. With a focus on the September 2010 guidelines from the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), discuss the mechanisms for preparedness to deal with likely El Nino and La Nina fallouts in India.
The frequency of earthquakes appears to have increased in the Indian subcontinent. However, India’s preparedness for mitigating their impact has significant gaps. Discuss various aspects.
The frequency of urban floods due to high intensity rainfall is increasing over the years. Discussing the reasons for urban floods, highlight the mechanisms for preparedness to reduce the risk during such events.
With reference to National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) guidelines, discuss the measures to be adopted to mitigate the impact of recent incidents of cloudbursts in many places of Uttarakhand.
On December 2004, tsunami brought havoc in 14 countries including India. Discuss the factors responsible for the occurrence of Tsunami and its effects on life and economy. In the light of guidelines of NDMA (2010) describe the mechanisms for preparedness to reduce the risk during such events.
More UPSC Mains PYQs on Disaster Management (GS3)
Build comprehensive topical mastery across Disaster Management & Resilience by practicing these related UPSC Mains questions.
What is disaster resilience? How is it determined? Describe various elements of a resilience framework. Also mention the global targets of Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction
Flooding in urban areas is an emerging climate-induced disaster. Discuss the causes of this disaster. Mention the features of two such major floods in the last two decades in India. Describe the policies and frameworks in India that aim at tackling such floods.
Dam failures are always catastrophic, especially on the downstream side, resulting in a colossal loss of life and property. Analyze the various causes of dam failures. Give two examples of large dam failures.
Explain the mechanism and occurrence of cloudburst in the context of the Indian subcontinent. Discuss two recent examples.
Discuss the vulnerability of India to earthquake-related hazards. Give examples including the salient features of major disasters caused by earthquakes in different parts of India during the last three decades.
Describe the various causes and the effects of landslides. Mention the important components of the National Landslide Risk Management Strategy.
Frequently Asked Questions — UPSC Mains 2018 GS3 (Disaster Management)
How should I structure the answer for this UPSC Mains 2018 GS Paper III question on Disaster Management?
This 2018 GS Paper III question carries 15 marks with a 250-word limit and uses the "Analytical / Multi-Dimensional" directive. Identify every sub-question in the prompt, allocate dedicated sub-headings to each part, substantiate points with examples/data, and conclude with a forward-looking Way Forward. Follow the ideal word split (Intro: ~30–35 Words • Body: ~175 Words (4–5 sub-headings + diagram/data) • Way Forward: ~35–40 Words) and aim to finish within 11–12 Minutes.
Which UPSC Mains syllabus topic does this 2018 question belong to?
This question is part of General Studies Paper III — Economy, Environment, S&T & Security under the syllabus module "Disaster Management & Resilience". You can explore all repeated questions from Disaster Management in Acme AI's 3D PYQ Realm or filter all Disaster Management PYQs on the Mains PYQ Directory.
How can I get my handwritten answer to this 2018 GS3 PYQ evaluated by AI?
Write your answer on standard UPSC margin sheets, scan it as a PDF or image, and click "Evaluate My Answer (AI)" on this page to open Acme AI's Vision Transformer evaluator (/upsc-answer-evaluation?subject=GS3). It evaluates your structure, directive alignment, diagrams/maps, and handwriting presentation in under 3 minutes with 99% human-examiner accuracy (20 free credits on signup).
Can I generate a custom mind map or Hindi model answer for this question?
Yes. Click "Generate Answer & Mind Map" on this page to open Acme AI's Answer Generator (/gen-ans) with this exact 2018 GS3 question pre-filled. You can generate custom topper-grade answers with embedded Mermaid flowcharts and mind maps in either English or Hindi.
AI-Powered Mains Mastery Suite
Turn Passive PYQ Reading into Active Answer Writing
Evaluate your handwritten UPSC Mains answers in 3 minutes with Vision AI or generate custom model answers with mind maps.
AI UPSC Mains Answer Evaluation
Practice writing any PYQ on paper and upload your handwritten scan (PDF or image) for instant, rubric-aligned UPSC examiner feedback.
- Direct Pixel Vision AI (Not Flat OCR): Evaluates your handwritten diagrams, maps, flowcharts, and spatial presentation
- 99% Human-Examiner Accuracy: Pinpoints missing dimensions, directive-word drift, and value-addition opportunities
- All Papers & 18 Optionals: Covers GS 1–4, Essay, Anthropology, PSIR, Sociology, Geography, History & more in English & Hindi
- Annotated Copy + Topper Benchmark: Visual margin ticks, remarks, and matched topper copy comparisons
AI UPSC Answer Generator & Mind Maps
Generate topper-grade model answers for any UPSC PYQ, current affairs editorial, or mock question—complete with visual mind maps and flowcharts.
- Embedded Mind Maps & Flowcharts: Automatically builds visual diagrams you can replicate in the exam hall for +1.5 extra marks
- Strict Directive & Word Discipline: Calibrated for 150-word (10M), 250-word (15M), and 1000-word Essay structures
- Committee, SC & Data Citations: Enriches body paragraphs with 2nd ARC, NITI Aayog, Constitutional Articles, and SDG hooks
- Auto-Matched Topper Copies & PYQs: Every generated answer links to similar past UPSC questions and ranker scripts
Join the Acme Mains Program (AMP 2027 — 45 Tests) or 1-on-1 Personal Mentorship with Avinash Sir.