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250 Words15 Marks
Q.How do subsidies affect the cropping pattern, crop diversity and economy of farmers? What is the significance of crop insurance, minimum support price and food processing for small and marginal farmers?
UPSC Mains 2017•Economy
Model Answer
View this Question In PYQ RealmIntroduction
Subsidies are a cornerstone of Indian agricultural support, accounting for nearly 2.5% of GDP (covering fertilizers, power, irrigation). While they provide crucial support, they also heavily influence cropping patterns, crop diversity, and the overall farm economy.
Body Analysis
Impact of Subsidies
1. Influence on Cropping Patterns
- Promotion of Specific Crops: Subsidies on inputs (water, power, fertilizer) incentivize water-intensive crops like rice and wheat. For example, Punjab and Haryana cultivate rice extensively despite being naturally suited for maize and pulses.
- Monoculture Tendency: Encourages focus on a few subsidized high-yielding crops. For instance, Bt cotton in Maharashtra has displaced soybeans and pulses.
2. Effect on Crop Diversity
- Reduction in Crop Diversity: Decreases incentives to grow diverse crops, making agriculture vulnerable to pests and climate change. In the Green Revolution belt, wheat and rice have displaced pulses and coarse cereals.
- Neglect of Traditional Crops: Climate-resilient crops like millets and oilseeds receive fewer subsidies and are neglected (e.g., decline in millet area in Karnataka).
3. Economic Impact on Farmers
- Increased Dependency: Reduces farmers' resilience to market changes (e.g., Andhra Pradesh farmers struggled when fertilizer subsidy rates were reduced).
- Input Cost Distortions: Leads to resource degradation (e.g., overuse of subsidized urea in Tamil Nadu causing soil degradation and declining yields).
Significance of Key Interventions for Small & Marginal Farmers
- Crop Insurance:
- Risk Mitigation: Protects against losses from natural disasters, pests, and diseases. For example, PMFBY helped Gujarat cotton farmers recover from unseasonal rain losses.
- Stability & Confidence: Stabilizes income, encouraging investment in modern inputs.
- Minimum Support Price (MSP):
- Price Assurance: Guarantees a minimum price, protecting small farmers from market volatility and distress sales.
- Income Support: Provides a safety net, ensuring a basic level of profitability.
- Food Processing:
- Value Addition: Increases shelf-life and allows farmers to fetch higher prices (up to 30% more).
- Waste Reduction: Reduces post-harvest losses (estimated up to 15% reduction).
- Employment: Creates off-farm rural jobs, diversifying household income.
Conclusion
A balanced support system that combines rationalized subsidies with robust crop insurance, effective MSP implementation, and food processing infrastructure is vital to ensure long-term agricultural sustainability and secure livelihoods for small and marginal farmers.
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