Official Answer Key & Detailed Solution
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Correct Answer: Option (C) — 2 and 3
Concept & Option Breakdown
Standard Reference Verified- Lichens are pioneer organisms capable of growing on bare rocks, tree bark, and non-soil substrates as they derive nutrients from air and moisture.
- Mosses are non-vascular plants that lack true roots and absorb water and nutrients directly across their surfaces, attaching to bare rocks and walls via rhizoids.
- Ferns are vascular plants that typically require soil/organic substrate for root anchorage and nutrient absorption.
- Mushrooms are fungal fruiting bodies requiring rich decaying organic matter or soil substrates.
Use everyday observation: Mosses commonly thrive on bare damp walls, rocks, and tree trunks without soil. Therefore, 3 must be in the correct combination, eliminating options (a) and (b).
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