Official Answer Key & Detailed Solution
Ready to check the official UPSC Answer Key?
Click any option above to test yourself under exam conditions, or reveal the explanation directly.
Correct Answer: Option (C) — 1 and 3 only
Concept & Option Breakdown
Standard Reference VerifiedStatement 1 is correct: Rigvedic texts refer to body armour (varman/coat of mail) and helmets (sipra) used in warfare, whereas no such military defensive equipment has been unearthed in IVC sites.
Statement 2 is incorrect: Indus Valley people were a Bronze Age civilization who did not know iron (iron appeared in the later Vedic period, c. 1000 BCE). They were well acquainted with gold, silver, copper, and bronze.
Statement 3 is correct: The Rigvedic lifestyle placed central importance on domesticated horses and horse-drawn chariots (ashva), while convincing and unambiguous evidence of horse domestication is lacking in the Harappan civilization.
Indus Valley was a Bronze Age civilization and did NOT possess iron technology. Hence, any claim that IVC people knew iron is factually false, eliminating statements containing 2 (b and d).
Practice Full-Length & Sectional Prelims Mocks on this Interface
50 simulated tests in the APT Prelims Test Series (₹1,493) or 1-on-1 Mentorship with Avinash Sir.