Official Answer Key & Detailed Solution
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Correct Answer: Option (D) — Neither 1 nor 2
Concept & Option Breakdown
Standard Reference VerifiedStatement 1 is incorrect: Total internal reflection and refraction of skywaves are caused by ionized free electrons and ions in the ionosphere, not ozone (ozone resides in the stratosphere). Statement 2 is incorrect: Radio waves span an extremely broad spectrum from Extremely Low Frequency (ELF, wavelengths of thousands of kilometers) to High Frequency (HF) and Extremely High Frequency (EHF, millimetric wavelengths). Skywave ionospheric reflection specifically utilizes High Frequency (HF, shortwave) bands, not solely because they 'have a very long wavelength'. Neither statement is the correct causal explanation.
Ozone is in the stratosphere, not ionosphere (eliminates 1). Radio reflection depends on ionization and plasma frequency, not just having long wavelengths (eliminates 2).
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